Индификационный номер в китае

Resident Identity Card 居民身份证
(above) and obverse (below) of a Resident Identity Card (Second-generation identification card)
Type	Identity card
Issued by	China
Purpose	Identification
Eligibility	Hukou registration required
Cost	Registration fee: RMB20, Replacement for lost or damaged cards: RMB40

The Resident Identity Card (Chinese: 居民身份证; pinyin: Jūmín Shēnfènzhèng) is an official identity document for personal identification in the People’s Republic of China. According to the second chapter, tenth clause of the Resident Identity Card Law, residents are required to apply for resident identity cards from the local Public Security Bureau, sub-bureaus or local executive police stations.^[1]

History[edit]

Prior to 1984, citizens within the People’s Republic of China were not required to obtain or carry identification in public.^[2] On April 6, 1984, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China passed the Identity Card Provisional Bill (中华人民共和国居民身份证试行条例), commencing the process of gradual introduction of personal identification, in the footsteps of many developed countries at the time. The first generation identification cards were single paged cards made of polyester film. Between 1984 and 1991, trials for the new identity card system took place in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. Shan Xiurong (单秀荣), a Chinese Opera performer and soprano from Beijing, was the first person to receive a first-generation identity card in China.^[3]

On September 6, 1985, the Standing Committee of the 12th National People’s Congress passed the Identity Card Bill of the People’s Republic of China, which regulated that all citizens over the age of 16 apply for identification cards.^[4] At that point, the Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China created a unified authority responsible for the issuing and management of the ID cards. From 2003, it is reported that a total of 1.14 billion ID cards have been created in China,^[5] for a total of 960,000,000 holders. However, as a result of technological development and certain techniques made available to the civilian population, the existing cards became relatively easier to counterfeit, opening the increasing threat of false identification.

On June 1, 2003, the National People’s Congress passed the new Resident Identity Card Law,^[1] which expanded the scope of documents issued, and allowed soldiers in the People’s Liberation Army and members of the People’s Armed Police to apply for special identity cards. Individuals under the age of 16 were also permitted to voluntarily apply for an identification card. The law also established the use of newer, second-generation cards, which are machine-readable and more difficult to forge.

Contents[edit]

The identity card contains basic information regarding the individual, such as the following:

Reverse side

• Full name – in Chinese characters only. Non-Chinese ethnic names and foreign names are transliterated into Chinese. First-generation ID cards contained handwritten names for rare Chinese characters, whilst the second-generation cards exclusively used computer-printed text in a larger font compared to that of the first generation, and do not support rarer characters.
• Gender – containing one character for either male (男) or female (女).
• Ethnicity – as officially listed by the People’s Republic of China.
• Date of birth – listed in the Gregorian calendar format, in YYYY年MM月DD日 Big-endian (ISO 8601) order.
• Domicile – the individual’s permanent residence as dictated by the Identity Card Bill of the People’s Republic of China.
• Identification number
• Photo of the individual

Obverse side

• Issuing authority (first-generation cards utilised a stamp; second-generation cards display text only)
• The limits to validity of the document (for individuals under 16 years of age: five years; for individuals between 16 and 25 years of age: ten years; for individuals between 26 and 45 years of age: twenty years; for individuals over 46 years of age: long-term)

Information stored in the identity database for second-generation ID cards includes work history, educational background, religion, ethnicity, police record, medical insurance status, landlord’s phone number and personal reproductive history.^{[citation needed]} In addition, more detailed personal information can be obtained by viewing hukou information from the card database. Starting on January 1, 2013, Beijing has started trials to include fingerprints in the ID cards, making it more difficult to forge ID cards or for people to use the ID cards of others.

In 1984, discussion over the contents of the identity card became controversial regarding whether to include details such as «marital status» and «occupation»; considering the actual situation of the People’s Republic of China at the time, these details ultimately were not included in the ID card.

The first-generation ID cards contained a black-and-white photograph portrait of the individual; following the introduction of the second-generation cards, all identification portraits are printed in colour. From 1 January 2013 a mandatory switch to the second-generation cards came into force; all first-generation cards became void and unusable. If used, first-generation cards are treated as expired ID cards, and will not be accepted. It is a criminal offense to accept first-generation ID cards if the person who accepts it know that it is a first-generation card.

The dimensions of the second-generation cards are 85.725 mm × 53.975 mm × 0.900 mm, and the identity photo is sized at 358 × 441 pixels (width by height), printed at a resolution of 350dpi on RGB using 24-bit True Color, prepared using JPEG compression techniques in line with the requirements of ISO DIS 10918-1. The final image appears as a 26 mm × 32 mm portrait box in the top-right hand corner.^[6]

Additional features in ethnic minority areas[edit]

Within the ethnic minority regions in China, identity cards possess corresponding text in the respective minority language for both first-generation and second-generation cards. For example, cards officially signed and issued in Guangxi all contain accompanying text in Zhuang, as well as Chinese characters. According to the fourth clause of the Resident Identity Card Law, «based on the de facto situation within the organs of self-government within autonomous ethnic regions, the content of the resident identity card can, alongside Chinese characters, be decided to include the text of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy or choice of a local generic text».^[7] This law permits resident identity cards within designated ethnic minority regions to have bilingual text, and depending on region, cards may contain accompanying text in Zhuang, Uyghur, Yi, Tibetan, Mongolian or Korean.

Ethnic minority residents represented by the local autonomous region can apply to have an additional ethnic minority language displayed on their identity cards, whilst Han Chinese and other ethnic residents’ cards only have Chinese characters displayed. Ethnic minorities within their representative autonomous regions can have their personal name displayed in both their native language and Chinese characters; for example, within Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, a card belonging to a Uyghur may display the cardholder’s name as «纳斯尔丁·阿凡提 (نەسىرىدىن ئەپەندى‎)» (Effendi Nasreddin), however ethnic Kazakhs and Xibe people living in Xinjiang may only have their names written in Chinese. The following table shows the languages used on identity cards within minority regions:

Identity card number[edit]

From October 1, 1999, the PRC State Council approved the establishment of a citizen identification number system, and currently consists of an 18-digit code. This number has a function similar to that of the social security number in the United States. Each citizen has a unique number that remains unchanged for their entire lifetime.

• Address code refers to the resident’s location, where administrative divisions (including cities, banners, and districts) have their own specific codes. (For example, the code for Xicheng District in Beijing is 110102.) Change of address does not modify this code however, which means that the code therefore reflects one’s birthplace or the location of one’s first-time card issuance (in the case where people are born before the resident identity card system was introduced).
• Date of Birth in the form YYYY-MM-DD.
• Order code is the code used to disambiguate people with the same date of birth and address code. Men are assigned to odd numbers, women assigned to even numbers.
• The Checksum is the final digit, which confirms the validity of the ID number from the first 17 digits, utilizing ISO 7064:1983, MOD 11-2. The checksum is obtained by:

1. Marking the Identity card number right-to-left ， for the parity-check codes;
2. Weight coefficient calculation ;

i	18	17	16	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1
Wi	7	9	10	5	8	4	2	1	6	3	7	9	10	5	8	4	2	1

1. Calculation of
2. 

Usage of identification[edit]

The identity card is the only acceptable legal document used to obtain resident permits or driving licenses, open bank accounts, register for mobile phone numbers, apply for tertiary education and technical college for mainland Chinese citizens, and is one of the acceptable legal documents used to buy train tickets and pass through security checkpoints within domestic terminals at airports in mainland China. Documentation is also required for marriages, household registrations and legal cases.

Recently, there have been more services that require the display of Resident Identity Cards, such as at Internet cafes and certain stores.^[8]

Police are required to inspect identification documents where:

• Criminal suspects need to be identified;
• To inspect those related to personnel involved in an incident;
• In the occurrence of a serious security emergency, and there is a requirement to obtain the identity of a person at the scene;
• If the law requires so during a case.

Anti-counterfeiting measures[edit]

First generation identity card[edit]

Polyester plastic film, which utilizes an anti-counterfeit laser logo.

Second generation identity card[edit]

Second-generation identity cards contain a non-contact IC chip card, a directional holographic «Great Wall» image, an anti-counterfeiting film made of green multi-layer polyester (PETG) composite material, optical variable optical storage containing the text «中国CHINA» situated on the card, and a microfilm string generating the letters «JMSFZ» (initials for the Pinyin of «Jumin Shenfenzheng»), and a «Great Wall» logo revealed by ultraviolet light.^[6]

Security and criticism[edit]

Unlike the biometric identity cards in EU countries which comply with ICAO standards, the second-generation ID card imposes older technologies similar to MIFARE used on public transportation systems, which, unlike its ICAO-compliant counterparts, lacks the proper encryption of personal data such as BAC control, thus making the information stored on the chip openly accessible to any ID card readers at a near enough distance. Strangely, the document’s validity period is not recorded on the IC chip, therefore one can only tell the validity of the document by physically examining the dates printed on the back of the card.^[9] Also, because identity cards lacks a different numbering scheme from the citizen’s identity number for Chinese nationals, there’s currently no way to deregister a lost ID card completely even when the loss of the identity card is reported to the police.^[10] The above characteristics have made identity cards vulnerable to identification theft.^[9]

See also[edit]

• Chinese Foreign Permanent Resident ID Card
• Residence Permit for Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Residents
• Taiwanese identity card
• Indian identity card
• Hong Kong identity card
• Macau identity card
• Singaporean identity card
• Identity document

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• (in Chinese) PRC Resident Identity Card law
• (in Chinese) Identity law issues – XINHUA
• (in Chinese) History of identification
• (in Chinese) Concerns regarding second-generation cards
• (in Chinese) Mobile phones, identity cards and individual positioning

Resident Identity Card 居民身份证
(above) and obverse (below) of a Resident Identity Card (Second-generation identification card)
Type	Identity card
Issued by	China
Purpose	Identification
Eligibility	Hukou registration required
Cost	Registration fee: RMB20, Replacement for lost or damaged cards: RMB40

The Resident Identity Card (Chinese: 居民身份证; pinyin: Jūmín Shēnfènzhèng) is an official identity document for personal identification in the People’s Republic of China. According to the second chapter, tenth clause of the Resident Identity Card Law, residents are required to apply for resident identity cards from the local Public Security Bureau, sub-bureaus or local executive police stations.^[1]

History[edit]

Prior to 1984, citizens within the People’s Republic of China were not required to obtain or carry identification in public.^[2] On April 6, 1984, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China passed the Identity Card Provisional Bill (中华人民共和国居民身份证试行条例), commencing the process of gradual introduction of personal identification, in the footsteps of many developed countries at the time. The first generation identification cards were single paged cards made of polyester film. Between 1984 and 1991, trials for the new identity card system took place in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. Shan Xiurong (单秀荣), a Chinese Opera performer and soprano from Beijing, was the first person to receive a first-generation identity card in China.^[3]

On September 6, 1985, the Standing Committee of the 12th National People’s Congress passed the Identity Card Bill of the People’s Republic of China, which regulated that all citizens over the age of 16 apply for identification cards.^[4] At that point, the Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China created a unified authority responsible for the issuing and management of the ID cards. From 2003, it is reported that a total of 1.14 billion ID cards have been created in China,^[5] for a total of 960,000,000 holders. However, as a result of technological development and certain techniques made available to the civilian population, the existing cards became relatively easier to counterfeit, opening the increasing threat of false identification.

On June 1, 2003, the National People’s Congress passed the new Resident Identity Card Law,^[1] which expanded the scope of documents issued, and allowed soldiers in the People’s Liberation Army and members of the People’s Armed Police to apply for special identity cards. Individuals under the age of 16 were also permitted to voluntarily apply for an identification card. The law also established the use of newer, second-generation cards, which are machine-readable and more difficult to forge.

Contents[edit]

The identity card contains basic information regarding the individual, such as the following:

Reverse side

• Full name – in Chinese characters only. Non-Chinese ethnic names and foreign names are transliterated into Chinese. First-generation ID cards contained handwritten names for rare Chinese characters, whilst the second-generation cards exclusively used computer-printed text in a larger font compared to that of the first generation, and do not support rarer characters.
• Gender – containing one character for either male (男) or female (女).
• Ethnicity – as officially listed by the People’s Republic of China.
• Date of birth – listed in the Gregorian calendar format, in YYYY年MM月DD日 Big-endian (ISO 8601) order.
• Domicile – the individual’s permanent residence as dictated by the Identity Card Bill of the People’s Republic of China.
• Identification number
• Photo of the individual

Obverse side

• Issuing authority (first-generation cards utilised a stamp; second-generation cards display text only)
• The limits to validity of the document (for individuals under 16 years of age: five years; for individuals between 16 and 25 years of age: ten years; for individuals between 26 and 45 years of age: twenty years; for individuals over 46 years of age: long-term)

Information stored in the identity database for second-generation ID cards includes work history, educational background, religion, ethnicity, police record, medical insurance status, landlord’s phone number and personal reproductive history.^{[citation needed]} In addition, more detailed personal information can be obtained by viewing hukou information from the card database. Starting on January 1, 2013, Beijing has started trials to include fingerprints in the ID cards, making it more difficult to forge ID cards or for people to use the ID cards of others.

In 1984, discussion over the contents of the identity card became controversial regarding whether to include details such as «marital status» and «occupation»; considering the actual situation of the People’s Republic of China at the time, these details ultimately were not included in the ID card.

The first-generation ID cards contained a black-and-white photograph portrait of the individual; following the introduction of the second-generation cards, all identification portraits are printed in colour. From 1 January 2013 a mandatory switch to the second-generation cards came into force; all first-generation cards became void and unusable. If used, first-generation cards are treated as expired ID cards, and will not be accepted. It is a criminal offense to accept first-generation ID cards if the person who accepts it know that it is a first-generation card.

The dimensions of the second-generation cards are 85.725 mm × 53.975 mm × 0.900 mm, and the identity photo is sized at 358 × 441 pixels (width by height), printed at a resolution of 350dpi on RGB using 24-bit True Color, prepared using JPEG compression techniques in line with the requirements of ISO DIS 10918-1. The final image appears as a 26 mm × 32 mm portrait box in the top-right hand corner.^[6]

Additional features in ethnic minority areas[edit]

Within the ethnic minority regions in China, identity cards possess corresponding text in the respective minority language for both first-generation and second-generation cards. For example, cards officially signed and issued in Guangxi all contain accompanying text in Zhuang, as well as Chinese characters. According to the fourth clause of the Resident Identity Card Law, «based on the de facto situation within the organs of self-government within autonomous ethnic regions, the content of the resident identity card can, alongside Chinese characters, be decided to include the text of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy or choice of a local generic text».^[7] This law permits resident identity cards within designated ethnic minority regions to have bilingual text, and depending on region, cards may contain accompanying text in Zhuang, Uyghur, Yi, Tibetan, Mongolian or Korean.

Ethnic minority residents represented by the local autonomous region can apply to have an additional ethnic minority language displayed on their identity cards, whilst Han Chinese and other ethnic residents’ cards only have Chinese characters displayed. Ethnic minorities within their representative autonomous regions can have their personal name displayed in both their native language and Chinese characters; for example, within Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, a card belonging to a Uyghur may display the cardholder’s name as «纳斯尔丁·阿凡提 (نەسىرىدىن ئەپەندى‎)» (Effendi Nasreddin), however ethnic Kazakhs and Xibe people living in Xinjiang may only have their names written in Chinese. The following table shows the languages used on identity cards within minority regions:

Identity card number[edit]

From October 1, 1999, the PRC State Council approved the establishment of a citizen identification number system, and currently consists of an 18-digit code. This number has a function similar to that of the social security number in the United States. Each citizen has a unique number that remains unchanged for their entire lifetime.

• Address code refers to the resident’s location, where administrative divisions (including cities, banners, and districts) have their own specific codes. (For example, the code for Xicheng District in Beijing is 110102.) Change of address does not modify this code however, which means that the code therefore reflects one’s birthplace or the location of one’s first-time card issuance (in the case where people are born before the resident identity card system was introduced).
• Date of Birth in the form YYYY-MM-DD.
• Order code is the code used to disambiguate people with the same date of birth and address code. Men are assigned to odd numbers, women assigned to even numbers.
• The Checksum is the final digit, which confirms the validity of the ID number from the first 17 digits, utilizing ISO 7064:1983, MOD 11-2. The checksum is obtained by:

1. Marking the Identity card number right-to-left ， for the parity-check codes;
2. Weight coefficient calculation ;

i	18	17	16	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1
Wi	7	9	10	5	8	4	2	1	6	3	7	9	10	5	8	4	2	1

1. Calculation of
2. 

Usage of identification[edit]

The identity card is the only acceptable legal document used to obtain resident permits or driving licenses, open bank accounts, register for mobile phone numbers, apply for tertiary education and technical college for mainland Chinese citizens, and is one of the acceptable legal documents used to buy train tickets and pass through security checkpoints within domestic terminals at airports in mainland China. Documentation is also required for marriages, household registrations and legal cases.

Recently, there have been more services that require the display of Resident Identity Cards, such as at Internet cafes and certain stores.^[8]

Police are required to inspect identification documents where:

• Criminal suspects need to be identified;
• To inspect those related to personnel involved in an incident;
• In the occurrence of a serious security emergency, and there is a requirement to obtain the identity of a person at the scene;
• If the law requires so during a case.

Anti-counterfeiting measures[edit]

First generation identity card[edit]

Polyester plastic film, which utilizes an anti-counterfeit laser logo.

Second generation identity card[edit]

Second-generation identity cards contain a non-contact IC chip card, a directional holographic «Great Wall» image, an anti-counterfeiting film made of green multi-layer polyester (PETG) composite material, optical variable optical storage containing the text «中国CHINA» situated on the card, and a microfilm string generating the letters «JMSFZ» (initials for the Pinyin of «Jumin Shenfenzheng»), and a «Great Wall» logo revealed by ultraviolet light.^[6]

Security and criticism[edit]

Unlike the biometric identity cards in EU countries which comply with ICAO standards, the second-generation ID card imposes older technologies similar to MIFARE used on public transportation systems, which, unlike its ICAO-compliant counterparts, lacks the proper encryption of personal data such as BAC control, thus making the information stored on the chip openly accessible to any ID card readers at a near enough distance. Strangely, the document’s validity period is not recorded on the IC chip, therefore one can only tell the validity of the document by physically examining the dates printed on the back of the card.^[9] Also, because identity cards lacks a different numbering scheme from the citizen’s identity number for Chinese nationals, there’s currently no way to deregister a lost ID card completely even when the loss of the identity card is reported to the police.^[10] The above characteristics have made identity cards vulnerable to identification theft.^[9]

See also[edit]

• Chinese Foreign Permanent Resident ID Card
• Residence Permit for Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Residents
• Taiwanese identity card
• Indian identity card
• Hong Kong identity card
• Macau identity card
• Singaporean identity card
• Identity document

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• (in Chinese) PRC Resident Identity Card law
• (in Chinese) Identity law issues – XINHUA
• (in Chinese) History of identification
• (in Chinese) Concerns regarding second-generation cards
• (in Chinese) Mobile phones, identity cards and individual positioning

Advanced tools:

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What is Chinese Id Card Number or Resident Identity Card?

In the PRC, an ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 16 years old. The ID number has 18 digits and is in the format RRRRRRYYYYMMDDSSSC, which is the sole and exclusive identification code for the holder (an old ID card only has 15 digits in the format RRRRRRYYMMDDIII). RRRRRR is a standard code for the administrative division where the holder is born (county or a district of a city), YYYYMMDD is the birth date of the holder, and SSS is a sequential code for distinguishing people with identical birthdates and birthplaces. The sequential code is odd for males and even for females. The final character, C, is a checksum value over the first 17 digits. To calculate the checksum, each digit in order is multiplied by a weight in the ordered set [7 9 10 5 8 4 2 1 6 3 7 9 10 5 8 4 2] and summed together. The sum modulus 11 is used as an index into the ordered set [1 0 X 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2], with the first index being zero. The indexed value is the checksum digit. In 15 digit IDs, III is an identification number created through certain mathematical methods (the last digit might be an English letter, such as X). The ID card is used for residential registration, army enrollment registration, registration of marriage/divorce, going abroad, taking part in national exams, and other social or civil matters.

From October 1, 1999, the PRC State Council approved the establishment of a citizen identification number system, and currently consists of an 18-digit code. This number, to some extent, has a function similar to that of the social security number in the United States, and each citizen has a unique number that remains unchanged for their entire lifetime. An exception previously existed, however, in rare instances where the same ID number was accidentally issued to two people prior to the system being digitalised.

• Address code refers to the resident’s location, where administrative divisions (including cities, banners, and districts) have their own specific codes. (For example, the code for Xicheng District in Beijin is 110102.) Change of address does not modify this code however, which means that the code therefore reflects one’s birthplace or the location of one’s first-time card issuance (in the case where people are born before the resident identity card system was introduced).
• Date of Birth in the form YYYY-MM-DD.
• Order code is the code used to disambiguate people with the same date of birth and address code. Men are assigned to odd numbers, women assigned to even numbers.
• The Checksum is the final digit, which confirms the validity of the ID number from the first 17 digits, utilizing ISO 7064:1983, MOD 11-2.

Удостоверение личности жителя 居民 身份证
Образец реверса (вверху) и лицевой стороны (внизу) удостоверения личности жителя (удостоверения личности второго поколения)
Тип	Удостоверение личности
Выдан	Китай
Цель	Идентификация
Право на участие	Хукоу требуется регистрация
Расходы	Регистрационный взнос: Юаней 20, Замена утерянных или поврежденных карт: Юаней 40

В Удостоверение личности жителя (Китайский : 居民 身份证; пиньинь : Юмин Шенфенженг) является официальным удостоверение личности для идентификации личности в Китайская Народная Республика. Согласно второй главе, десятый пункт Закон об удостоверениях личности резидента, жители обязаны подать заявление на получение удостоверения личности резидента в местной Бюро общественной безопасности, суб-бюро или местные исполнительные полицейские участки.^[1]

История

До 1984 г. граждане Китайская Народная Республика не требовалось публично получать или носить удостоверение личности.^[2] 6 апреля 1984 г. Государственный совет Китайской Народной Республики прошел Предварительный счет, удостоверяющий личность (中华人民共和国 居民 身份证 试行 条例), начав процесс постепенного введения личной идентификации по стопам многих развитых стран того времени. Удостоверения личности первого поколения представляли собой одностраничные карты, сделанные из полиэстер фильм. С 1984 по 1991 годы испытания новой системы удостоверений личности проходили в Пекин, Шанхай и Тяньцзинь. Шан Сюжун (单 秀荣), исполнитель китайской оперы и сопрано из Пекина, был первым человеком, получившим удостоверение личности первого поколения в Китае.^[3]

6 сентября 1985 г. Постоянный комитет 12-го Всекитайское собрание народных представителей прошел Билль об удостоверении личности Китайской Народной Республики, согласно которому все граждане старше 16 лет должны обращаться за удостоверениями личности.^[4] В этот момент Министерство общественной безопасности Китайской Народной Республики создал единый орган, отвечающий за выпуск и управление идентификационными картами. Сообщается, что с 2003 года в Китае было создано 1,14 миллиарда идентификационных карт.^[5] всего 960 000 000 держателей. Однако в результате технологического развития и некоторых технологий, доступных гражданскому населению, существующие карты стало относительно легче подделать, что создает растущую угрозу ложной идентификации.

1 июня 2003 г. Всекитайское собрание народных представителей приняло новый Закон об удостоверениях личности резидента,^[6] что расширило объем выдаваемых документов и позволило солдатам в Народно-освободительная армия и члены Народная вооруженная полиция ходатайствовать о выдаче специальных удостоверений личности. Лицам в возрасте до 16 лет также разрешено добровольно обращаться за удостоверением личности. Закон также установил использование новых карт второго поколения, которые машиночитаемы и труднее подделать.

Содержание

Удостоверение личности содержит основную информацию о человеке, такую ​​как следующее:

Обратная сторона

• Полное имя — в китайские иероглифы Только. Некитайские этнические имена и иностранные имена транслитерированный на китайский язык. В удостоверениях личности первого поколения содержались написанные от руки имена редких китайских иероглифов, в то время как на картах второго поколения использовался исключительно компьютерный текст более крупным шрифтом, чем в первом поколении, и не поддерживались более редкие символы.
• Пол — содержащие один символ для мужского () или женского (女).
• Этническая принадлежность — официально зарегистрирован Китайской Народной Республикой.
• Дата рождения — внесены в Григорианский календарь формат в формате ГГГГ 年 ММ 月 ДД 日 С прямым порядком байтов (ISO 8601 ) порядок.
• Домициль — постоянное место жительства физического лица в соответствии с Билль об удостоверении личности Китайской Народной Республики.
• Идентификационный номер
• Фото человека

Лицевая сторона

• Орган выдачи (карты первого поколения используют штамп; карты второго поколения отображают только текст)
• Пределы срока действия документа (для лиц младше 16 лет: пять лет; для лиц от 16 до 25 лет: десять лет; для лиц от 26 до 45 лет: двадцать лет; для лиц старше 46 лет). возраста: длительно)

Информация, хранящаяся в базе данных удостоверений личности для удостоверений личности второго поколения, включает историю работы, образование, религию, этническую принадлежность, данные полиции, статус медицинской страховки, номер телефона домовладельца и личную репродуктивную историю.^{[нужна цитата ]} Кроме того, более подробную личную информацию можно получить, просмотрев хукоу информация из базы данных карт. С 1 января 2013 года Пекин начал испытания по включению отпечатков пальцев в удостоверения личности, что затрудняет подделку удостоверений личности или использование людьми чужих удостоверений личности.

В 1984 году дискуссия о содержании удостоверения личности вызвала споры относительно того, следует ли включать такие детали, как «семейное положение» и «род занятий»; учитывая фактическую ситуацию в Китайской Народной Республике в то время, эти данные в конечном итоге не были включены в удостоверение личности.

Удостоверения личности первого поколения содержали черно-белый фотографический портрет человека; после введения карт второго поколения все идентификационные портреты печатаются в цвете. С 1 января 2013 года вступил в силу обязательный переход на карты второго поколения; все карты первого поколения стали недействительными и непригодными для использования. При использовании карты первого поколения рассматриваются как удостоверения личности с истекшим сроком действия и не принимаются. Принятие идентификационных карт первого поколения является уголовным преступлением, если лицо, которое их принимает, знает, что это карта первого поколения.

Размеры карт второго поколения составляют 85,725 мм × 53,975 мм × 0,900 мм, а фотография идентичности имеет размер 358×441 пиксель (ширина по высоте), напечатанная с разрешением 350 точек на дюйм в RGB с использованием 24-битного True Color, подготовленная с использованием Методы сжатия JPEG в соответствии с требованиями ISO DIS 10918-1. Окончательное изображение появится в виде портретной коробки размером 26 мм × 32 мм в правом верхнем углу.^[7]

Удостоверения личности в районах проживания этнических меньшинств

В рамках регионы этнических меньшинств в Китае удостоверения личности содержат соответствующий текст на соответствующем языке меньшинства как для карт первого, так и второго поколения. Например, карты, официально подписанные и выпущенные в Гуанси все содержат сопроводительный текст на Чжуан, а также китайские иероглифы. Согласно четвертому пункту Закон об удостоверениях личности резидента, «на основе де-факто Если ситуация в органах самоуправления автономных этнических регионов, содержание удостоверения личности резидента может, помимо китайских иероглифов, включать текст этнической группы, осуществляющей региональную автономию, или выбор местного общего текста «.^[8] Этот закон разрешает лицам, проживающим в удостоверениях личности в определенных регионах проживания этнических меньшинств, иметь двуязычный текст, и, в зависимости от региона, карты могут содержать сопроводительный текст на чжуанском, уйгурском, и, тибетском, монгольском или корейском языках.

Жители этнических меньшинств, представленные местным автономным регионом, могут подать заявку на отображение дополнительного языка этнического меньшинства в своих удостоверениях личности, в то время как на картах китайцев хань и других этнических жителей отображаются только китайские иероглифы. Этнические меньшинства в пределах их представительных автономных регионов могут иметь свое личное имя, отображаемое как на их родном языке, так и на китайских иероглифах; например, внутри Синьцзян-Уйгурский автономный район, на карте, принадлежащей уйгуру, имя владельца карты может отображаться как «纳斯尔丁 · 阿凡提 نەسىرىدىن ندى‎» (Эффенди Насреддин ), однако этнические казахи и люди сибэ, проживающие в Синьцзяне, могут иметь только имена, написанные на китайском языке. В следующей таблице показаны языки, используемые в удостоверениях личности в регионах проживания меньшинств:

Номер удостоверения личности

С 1 октября 1999 г. Госсовет КНР одобрил создание система идентификационного номера гражданина, и в настоящее время состоит из 18-значного кода. Это число в некоторой степени имеет функцию, аналогичную функции ИНН в Соединенных Штатах, и каждый гражданин имеет уникальный номер, который остается неизменным на протяжении всей его жизни. Однако ранее существовало исключение: в редких случаях, когда один и тот же идентификационный номер случайно выдавался двум людям до того, как система была оцифрована.

• Код адреса относится к месту нахождения жителя, где административные округи (включая города, баннеры, и районы ) имеют свои собственные коды. (Например, код для Xicheng District в Пекин 110102.) Однако изменение адреса не изменяет этот код, что означает, что код, следовательно, отражает место рождения человека или место выдачи карты впервые (в случае, когда люди родились до того, как была введена система идентификационных карт резидента) .
• Дата рождения в виде ГГГГ-ММ-ДД.
• Код заказа это код, используемый для устранения неоднозначности людей с одинаковой датой рождения и адресным кодом. Мужчинам присваиваются нечетные номера, женщинам — четные.
• В Контрольная сумма это последняя цифра, которая подтверждает действительность идентификационного номера из первых 17 цифр, используя ISO 7064: 1983, MOD 11-2. Контрольная сумма получается:

1. Пометка номера удостоверения личности справа налево ， для кодов проверки на четность;
2. Расчет весового коэффициента ;

я	18	17	16	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1
Wя	7	9	10	5	8	4	2	1	6	3	7	9	10	5	8	4	2	1

1. Расчет
2. 

Тусклый а, ш, s ,я бы msgbox «Эта процедура проверки номера удостоверения личности и или-бит»,vbokonly+информация,"процедуры проверки личности" я бы=поле ввода("Введите идентификационный номер 15 или 18 перед номерами удостоверений личности 17 или","Я БЫ","11010519491231002") если вартип(я бы) <> 0 тогда'Проверить законность ввоза номеров  л = 0  делать до того как л = 1   л = 1   п = ""   если len(я бы) <> 17 тогда     если len(я бы) <> 15 тогда      л = 0      п = "введите неверное среднее значение, введите 15 или 17 цифр".     конец если   конец если   за я = 1 к len(я бы)    а = середина(я бы, я, 1)    если asc(а) < asc("0") или же asc(а) > asc("9") тогда     л = 0     п = п & vbCrLf & vbCrLf & «Введите число, не включайте символы« » & а & "”。"     выход за    конец если   следующий   если л = 0 тогда    я бы = поле ввода("незаконный ввод" & vbCrLf  & vbCrLf & п, "ошибка ввода", я бы)   конец если  петля'Будет номер 15 или 17 цифр для номера  если len(я бы) = 15 тогда   я бы = оставили(я бы, 6) & "19" & верно(я бы, 9)  конец еслиНомер 17 для расчета кодов проверки на четность  за я = 2 к 18   а = середина(я бы, 19-я, 1)   ш = 2^(я-1) мод 11   s = а * ш + s  следующий  s = (12 - (s мод 11)) мод 11  если s = 10 тогда s = "ИКС"'После проверки количества выходных  поле ввода "номер удостоверения личности кодов проверки четности для" " & s & "”" & vbcrlf & vbcrlf & «проверив номера удостоверений личности:», "Проверка завершена", я бы & s конец если

// Необходимо ввести 17-битную строку RID слева направофункция calcChecksum(избавлять) {    вар workArr = избавлять.расколоть('').обеспечить регресс();    функция W(я) {        возвращаться Математика.пау(2, я - 1) % 11;    }    функция S() {        вар сумма = 0;        за (вар j=0; j<17; j++) {            сумма += workArr[j] * W(j + 2);        }        возвращаться сумма;    }    возвращаться (12 - (S() % 11)) % 11;}// Тесттревога(calcChecksum('63280119790817003')); // выдаст предупреждение 6

ул = "34262219840209049" # 身份证 前 17 位 первые 17 цифр идентификационного номераwi = [7,9,10,5,8,4,2,1,6,3,7,9,10,5,8,4,2] # Wiss = 0 # S в контекстеза я в 0..ул.длина-1п = ул[я].to_i-48s = s + п * wi[я]конеца1 = (12 - s % 11) % 11ставит а1 # контрольная сумма

>>> id_checksum = лямбда s:(1 - 2 * int(s, 13)) % 11>>> проверить('63280119790817003')6L>>> проверить('34052419800101001')10L # по стандарту означает 'X'

/** * 身份证 验证 ， 传入 身份证 ， 返回 true 即为 正确。 Проверка идентификационного номера, передача идентификационного номера, возврат true в случае успеха. * 只能 传入 字符串 ， 传入 参数 必须 加 引号。 может передаваться только в строках, параметр должен быть заключен в кавычки. **/функция check_id_number($ id){    если (Strlen($ id) != 18) {        возвращаться ложный;    }    $ temp = (str_split($ id));    $ temp[17] == 'Икс'|| $ temp[17] == 'ИКС' ? $ чек = 10 : $ чек = $ temp[17];    array_pop($ temp);    $ temp = array_reverse($ temp);    $ сумма = 0;    для каждого ($ temp в качестве $ ключ => $ значение) {        $ w = пау(2, $ ключ+1) % 11;        $ сумма += $ значение * $ w;    }    если ((12 - $ сумма % 11) % 11 != $ чек) {        возвращаться ложный;    }    возвращаться истинный;}

> checkCodeфункция(Я БЫ) {  стопифнот(длина(grep('^[0-9]{17}$', Я БЫ)) != 0)  код <- (12 - сумма( (2^(17:1))%%11 * в качестве.целое число(strsplit(Я БЫ, расколоть=НОЛЬ)[[1]]) )) %% 11}> Распечатать(checkCode('34262219840209049'))[1] 10

Использование идентификации

Удостоверение личности является единственным приемлемым юридическим документом, используемым для получения вида на жительство или водительских прав, открытия банковских счетов, регистрации номеров мобильных телефонов, подачи заявления на получение высшего образования и технического колледжа для граждан материкового Китая, и является одним из приемлемых юридических документов, используемых для покупать билеты на поезд и проходить через контрольно-пропускные пункты на внутренних терминалах в аэропортах материкового Китая. Документы также необходимы для заключения брака, регистрации домашнего хозяйства и юридических дел.

В последнее время появилось больше служб, требующих отображения идентификационных карт жителей, например, в интернет кафе и некоторые магазины.^[9]

Полиция обязана проверять документы, удостоверяющие личность, если:

• Необходимо установить подозреваемых в совершении уголовных преступлений;
• Для проверки лиц, связанных с персоналом, вовлеченным в инцидент;
• В случае возникновения серьезной чрезвычайной ситуации, связанной с безопасностью, необходимо установить личность человека на месте происшествия;
• Если этого требует закон во время рассмотрения дела.

Меры по борьбе с контрафакцией

Удостоверение личности первого поколения

Полиэфирная пластиковая пленка с лазерным логотипом, защищающим от подделок.

Удостоверение личности второго поколения

Удостоверения личности второго поколения содержат бесконтактную карту с микросхемой IC, направленную голографический «Великая стена «изображение, пленка для защиты от подделок, сделанная из зеленого многослойного полиэфирного композитного материала (PETG), оптическая память с оптическими переменными, содержащая текст» 中国 CHINA «, расположенный на карте, и строка микрофильма, образующая буквы» JMSFZ «(инициалы то Пиньинь из «Jтымв Sкурицыжenzheng «) и логотип» Great Wall «, видимый в ультрафиолетовом свете.^[7]

Безопасность и критика

в отличие от биометрические удостоверения личности в странах ЕС которые соответствуют ИКАО стандарты, идентификационная карта второго поколения требует более старых технологий, аналогичных MIFARE используется в системах общественного транспорта, в которых, в отличие от своих аналогов, соответствующих требованиям ИКАО, отсутствует надлежащее шифрование личных данных, таких как контроль BAC, что делает информацию, хранящуюся на микросхеме, открытой для любых устройств чтения идентификационных карт на достаточно близком расстоянии. Как ни странно, срок действия документа не записывается на микросхеме ИС, поэтому достоверность документа можно определить только по датам, напечатанным на обратной стороне карты.^[10] Кроме того, поскольку в удостоверениях личности отсутствует схема нумерации, отличная от идентификационного номера гражданина для граждан Китая, в настоящее время нет возможности полностью отменить регистрацию утерянного удостоверения личности, даже если об утере удостоверения личности сообщается в полицию.^[11] Вышеуказанные характеристики сделали удостоверения личности уязвимыми для кража личных данных, что в подавляющем большинстве случаев является обычным явлением в Китае, где украденные удостоверения личности продаются на черном рынке по цене более 200 юаней каждая.^[10] Несмотря на критику со стороны общественности, Министерство общественной безопасности еще не объявила о каких-либо изменениях, кроме добавления данных об отпечатках пальцев на уже незащищенном чипе. В 2019 году Министерство общественной безопасности объявило, что намерено отказаться от данных отпечатков пальцев. ^[12]

Смотрите также

• ВНЖ для жителей Гонконга, Макао и Тайваня
• Тайваньское удостоверение личности
• Индийское удостоверение личности
• Удостоверение личности из Гонконга
• Удостоверение личности Макао
• Сингапурское удостоверение личности
• Удостоверение личности

Рекомендации

внешняя ссылка

• (на китайском) Закон КНР об удостоверениях личности
• (на китайском) Проблемы с законом об идентификации — XINHUA
• (на китайском) История идентификации
• (на китайском) Опасения по поводу карт второго поколения
• (на китайском) Мобильные телефоны, удостоверения личности и индивидуальное позиционирование

Chinese Id Card Number (Resident Identity Card) and name Generator

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What is Chinese Id Card Number or Resident Identity Card?

In the PRC, an ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 16 years old. The ID number has 18 digits and is in the format RRRRRRYYYYMMDDSSSC, which is the sole and exclusive identification code for the holder (an old ID card only has 15 digits in the format RRRRRRYYMMDDIII). RRRRRR is a standard code for the administrative division where the holder is born (county or a district of a city), YYYYMMDD is the birth date of the holder, and SSS is a sequential code for distinguishing people with identical birthdates and birthplaces. The sequential code is odd for males and even for females. The final character, C, is a checksum value over the first 17 digits. To calculate the checksum, each digit in order is multiplied by a weight in the ordered set [7 9 10 5 8 4 2 1 6 3 7 9 10 5 8 4 2] and summed together. The sum modulus 11 is used as an index into the ordered set [1 0 X 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2], with the first index being zero. The indexed value is the checksum digit. In 15 digit IDs, III is an identification number created through certain mathematical methods (the last digit might be an English letter, such as X). The ID card is used for residential registration, army enrollment registration, registration of marriage/divorce, going abroad, taking part in national exams, and other social or civil matters.

From October 1, 1999, the PRC State Council approved the establishment of a citizen identification number system, and currently consists of an 18-digit code. This number, to some extent, has a function similar to that of the social security number in the United States, and each citizen has a unique number that remains unchanged for their entire lifetime. An exception previously existed, however, in rare instances where the same ID number was accidentally issued to two people prior to the system being digitalised.

• Address code refers to the resident’s location, where administrative divisions (including cities, banners, and districts) have their own specific codes. (For example, the code for Xicheng District in Beijin is 110102.) Change of address does not modify this code however, which means that the code therefore reflects one’s birthplace or the location of one’s first-time card issuance (in the case where people are born before the resident identity card system was introduced).
• Date of Birth in the form YYYY-MM-DD.
• Order code is the code used to disambiguate people with the same date of birth and address code. Men are assigned to odd numbers, women assigned to even numbers.
• The Checksum is the final digit, which confirms the validity of the ID number from the first 17 digits, utilizing ISO 7064:1983, MOD 11-2.

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Chinese Id Card Number (Resident Identity Card) and photo Generator

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What is Chinese Id Card Number or Resident Identity Card?

The identity card contains basic information regarding the individual, such as the following:

Obverse side

• Full name – in Chinese characters only. Non-Chinese ethnic names and foreign names are transliterated into Chinese. First-generation ID cards contained handwritten names for rare Chinese characters, whilst the second-generation cards exclusively used computer-printed text in a larger font compared to that of the first generation, and do not support rarer characters.
• Gender – containing one character for either male (男) or female (女).
• Ethnicity – as officially listed by the People’s Republic of China.
• Date of birth – listed in the Gregorian calendar format, in YYYY年MM月DD日 Big-endian (ISO 8601) order.
• Domicile – the individual’s permanent residence as dictated by the Identity Card Bill of the People’s Republic of China.
• Identification number
• Photo of the individual

Reverse side

• Issuing authority — (first-generation cards utilised a stamp; second-generation cards display text only)
• The limits to validity of the document — (for individuals under 16 years of age: five years; for individuals between 16 and 25 years of age: ten years; for individuals between 26 and 45 years of age: twenty years; for individuals over 46 years of age: long-term)

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Chinese Id Card Number (Resident Identity Card) Generator

To Create valid Chinese Resident ID numbers including checksum digit Easily and quickly.

Resulting Chinese Id Card Number list:

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What is Chinese Id Card Number or Resident Identity Card?

In the PRC, an ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 16 years old. The ID number has 18 digits and is in the format RRRRRRYYYYMMDDSSSC, which is the sole and exclusive identification code for the holder (an old ID card only has 15 digits in the format RRRRRRYYMMDDIII). RRRRRR is a standard code for the administrative division where the holder is born (county or a district of a city), YYYYMMDD is the birth date of the holder, and SSS is a sequential code for distinguishing people with identical birthdates and birthplaces. The sequential code is odd for males and even for females. The final character, C, is a checksum value over the first 17 digits. To calculate the checksum, each digit in order is multiplied by a weight in the ordered set [7 9 10 5 8 4 2 1 6 3 7 9 10 5 8 4 2] and summed together. The sum modulus 11 is used as an index into the ordered set [1 0 X 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2], with the first index being zero. The indexed value is the checksum digit. In 15 digit IDs, III is an identification number created through certain mathematical methods (the last digit might be an English letter, such as X). The ID card is used for residential registration, army enrollment registration, registration of marriage/divorce, going abroad, taking part in national exams, and other social or civil matters.

From October 1, 1999, the PRC State Council approved the establishment of a citizen identification number system, and currently consists of an 18-digit code. This number, to some extent, has a function similar to that of the social security number in the United States, and each citizen has a unique number that remains unchanged for their entire lifetime. An exception previously existed, however, in rare instances where the same ID number was accidentally issued to two people prior to the system being digitalised.

• Address code refers to the resident’s location, where administrative divisions (including cities, banners, and districts) have their own specific codes. (For example, the code for Xicheng District in Beijin is 110102.) Change of address does not modify this code however, which means that the code therefore reflects one’s birthplace or the location of one’s first-time card issuance (in the case where people are born before the resident identity card system was introduced).
• Date of Birth in the form YYYY-MM-DD.
• Order code is the code used to disambiguate people with the same date of birth and address code. Men are assigned to odd numbers, women assigned to even numbers.
• The Checksum is the final digit, which confirms the validity of the ID number from the first 17 digits, utilizing ISO 7064:1983, MOD 11-2.

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